Speculative Searching: A Hyponym Challenge

Speculative searching: information fluency techniques for finding information when you don't know for certain what words to search with or where to look.

I'm sure that could be stated more elegantly, but I think you get the idea. Most searches start off as speculative searches. We have a general idea what we're looking for but are unaware of the keywords needed to finish the search.

Successful searching usually requires finding more specific keywords that finally lead to sought-after information. Those more specific keywords may be classified as hyponyms. Buick is a hyponym for car. Terraza, a specific model, is a hyponym for Buick.  Hyponyms are often proper nouns or professional language that is specific to the field.

You don't have to be an expert in the field to find the hyponyms. The words often appear in snippets.

Here's a hyponym challenge.

Look closely at the photo. Find information about the product she is wearing.

What do you see? Write down the words that come to mind that you could use as search terms.

Search for those words and look at the snippets for more specific terms. Use the more specific terms in your query. Terms that you should be able to find include the material from which the product is made and the name of the company that makes it.

Post those terms in the comments and the keywords you used to start with.

Ready, Set, Search

When are children ready to search?

I didn't think much about information fluency when my children were younger. They're all married now and my grand kids are too young to be online, so I can't try searching with them yet.

My guess is that until children develop the capacity for concrete operations, they will be unable to understand, let alone use, effective techniques for searching.

So if the lead question I posed means 'at what age are children able to use effective search tactics to find information online,' I suppose we're looking at sometime between 7 and 12 years of age, depending on the child. Those are the classic years for the onset of concrete operations, described by Piaget.

Keyword searching requires the ability to think in an organized, logical fashion:

• to perform multiple classification tasks
• to order objects in a logical sequence
• to be able to think in terms of categorical labels such as "number" or "animal"
• to sort unlike objects into logical groups
  

If you think about it, searchers not only have to know a lot of words, they have to be able to sort them. Good searchers are able to take a word like "Buffalo" and know that it belongs to the more general grouping of "Animal." It also belongs to "Mammal" (a more specific type of animal). Most adolescents can think this way. What few know is that there's a term for a more specific word: hyponym. Hypernyms, on the other hand, are terms higher up (i.e., more general) on the classification typology. Typically, an effective search needs to move toward increasingly specific hyponyms. In the case of the Bison example I cite frequently, word swapping goes something like this: animal > buffalo > (ungulate) > bison.

A small fraction of students--even those in middle school and high school (stage of formal operations)--look for alternate terms or try to swap their way toward hyponyms. They CAN do it; they just don't. Younger children, prior to concrete operations would be hard pressed to accomplish this. Older students need to be taught to use this skill; young students need first to develop.

This doesn't mean that younger students should not be introduced to searching and search engines. They can be given effective queries to start with. At some point, however, they should be taught to look for more specific terms and try swapping those in queries.

Below are a pair of ineffective queries. What would you do to improve them? How would you encourage the children or teens with whom you work to improve them?

1. (Easier. First the question: What type of money was hoarded by Norsemen?) The query: money hoarded Norsemen

2. (Harder. First the question: What fish other than Piranhas is a threat to humans in the Amazon?) The query: fish threat humans Amazon

Solving these challenges without searching can be difficult. It's easier by trying the queries and looking at the results, keeping an eye open for better keywords. The challenge for younger searchers is: how do they recognize better--more specific--words? The challenge for older students is: how can you get them to swap their words?